Group+2

Group 2 Dabbleboard Link http://www.dabbleboard.com/?b=hansiepoo&i=0&c=8b9ce8bcb49a0739c5acbc934ecdaca7598eb342

__*ALL OF THE SPECIMEN WERE VIEWED AT A 400X MAGNIFICATION LEVEL*__


 * Part A**

a. Paramecium moves by beating its cilia. It prefers to move forward, traveling in a corkscrew motion, but it is able to move backwards as well if confronted with an obstacle. b. When a paramecium comes across another paramecium they usually collide. The paramecium then moves backwards for a short distance and tries to continue forward in a slightly different direction. It will repeat this process until it can successfully move past the other paramecium. c. The paramecium has an oral grove for food consumption. This oral grove is lined with cilia and the cilia trap food and guide it into the oral grove. The food is then consumed through phagocytosis. d. Paramecium is in the phylum Ciliophora, which is characterized by the cilia - short hairlike projections primarily used for movement - that are found on the outer surface of the organisms in this phylum. e. Usually, a paramecium reproduces asexually but it is able to reproduce sexually as well. In sexual reproduction, or conjugation, two paramecia would join at the oral grooves and excahnge their micronuclei. The paramecium would then divide and create daugher cells.

WHO EATS WHOM?

For this part of the experiment, it was discovered that paramecia eat euglena (in the way described in part c above) but they are preyed upon by didinium and amoebas.

a. no movement observed b. no reaction was observed c. Doesn't eat. Instead it derives energy from photosynthesis while producing oxygen for other organisms to use. d. Oedogonium is in the phylum Chlorophyta, which includes all of the green algae. e. It can reproduce asexually through zoospores or sexually trough the joining of egg and sperm gametes. Additional info: It is a filamentous algae and the cells are cylindrical in shape. It contains chloroplasts, which function in photosyntesis while giving the cells a green tint. Also, they are usually free-floating and are found in fresh water.

a. Euglena has a flagellum which pulls it through water. b. Most of the time they just tried to slide past each other. If they collided they would continue moving in whatever direction the flagellum was facing when they oriented themselves. c. Euglena can use their chloroplasts to create energy through photosynthesis but if light is not available, they absorb food through phagocytosis. d. Euglena are grouped in the phylum Euglenophyta. e. Reproduces asexually. Additional info: Euglena have an eyespot which allows them to orient themselves toward a source of sunlight. This is useful because the Euglena are photosynthetic organisms. Also, Euglena have cell walls made of cellulose. They are typically found in freshwater, although there are a few marine species. Also, they are usually observed as single cells, instead of colonies. Their green pigment comes from their chloroplasts, which they obtain through consumption of green algae.



a. Moves with the help of two anterior flagella. b. Stick together during harsh conditions, otherwise not much interaction. c. Obtain energy through photosynthesis but can survive in the dark if a carbon source is provided. d. It is grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta, which includes all green algae. e. Can produce both asexully and sexually, through the creation of gametes.

Additional info: Has an eyespot that can detect light so the organism can orient itself toward areas with the most sunlight. They have a cell wall and chloroplasts, with cells being shperica l in shape. They can be found in many different types of habitats including soil, fresh and salt water, and even snow in the mountains. It can exist as a unicellular, haploid organism but during harsh conditions cells fuse together to form a diploid zygospore with a hard outer wall for protection.



a. The cells have two flagella which are equal in length and are used for adhesion and movement. b. Cells live in colonial form but little interaction between colonies was observed. c. Use chloroplasts to create energy from photosynthesis. d. Gonium is placed with other green algae in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Can reproduce asexually through the creation of daugther colonies or sexually through gametes. In sexual reproduction, once the gametes fuse into a zygote the zygote splits to create a colony of 8, 16, or 32 cells. Additional info: Cells are found as colonies of spherical cells, with each colony consisting of a fixed number of cells. The cells in each colony are contained withing a gelatinous sheath. The cells have cup shaped chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which is also where they get their green color.

a. No movement was observed. b. No interaction was observed. c. Obtain energy from photosynthesis. d. Ulothrix is in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Reproduces asexually through zoospores and sexually through gametes. Additional info: Ulothrix is a filamentous algae and its cells are cylindrical in shape. Cells can be free-floating or they can be attached to rocks and other objects.



a. They move by utilizing their two flagella, both of which are equal in length. b. Cells exist as colonies of 8, 16, or 32 cells but not much interaction between colonies. c. Obtains energy through photosynthesis. d. Pandorina is in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Can reproduce asexually, through the creation of daughter colonies, or sexually. Additional info: Pandorina are found in colonies and they prefer water with a high concentration of organic molecules. The colony is surrounded by a gelatinous envelope. The cells are rounded.

a. The whole colony can roll through water using the flagella for locomotion. b. No interaction was observed between colonies. c. Obtains energy through photosynthesis. d. Volvox is grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Daugther colonies, called gonads, develop asexually in the interior of the adult colony. When these daughter colonies develop, the flagella will form on the inside of the colony. Therefore, the colony has to turn itself inside out to be able to function. Sexual reproduction is also possible with gametes forming in the interior of the colony. Most single colonies are either male or female, producing the appropriate type of gametes. Some colonies act as hermaphrodite, producing both male and female gametes. However, self-fertilization is not possible in these colonies because only one type of gamete can be created at a time.

Additional information: Volvox exists in a colony of cells that are held together by their flagellas. Each individual cell in a volvox colony has a red eyespot but the eyespots on the two distinct poles of the colony are more developed and guide the colony toward light. This is an example of differentiation of cells within the Volvox colony.

n no nucleus ID? a. No movement was observed. b. Some cells are contained withing the same filaments but the filaments are free-floating having no interaction with other filaments. c. Use chloroplasts to obtain energy through photosynthesis. d. Grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Reproduces asexually through spores. Reproduces sexually through conjugation when two cells in close proximity form a sort of ladder with filaments arranging to join the two cells. Information from each cell travels through these filaments and into the other cell. Zygotes are surrounded by a protective wall and can survive the winter. Additional info: Spirogyra is a filamentous algae. It is unique because its chloroplasts are wound into a spiral.



a. Does not move on its own but can be transported by water movement. b. No interaction was observed. c. Obtains energy from photosynthesis. d. Grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Reproduce asexually through zoospores with four flagella or sexually through gametes with two flagella. Gametes can also develop into new cladophora without ever joining to another gamete. Additional info: Caldophora is a filamentous algae. They are usually found attached to rocks in freshwater but marine species exist as well.

a. Each cell in a colony has two flagella and they can be used to move the colony. b. Eudorina are found in colonies but interaction between different colonies was not observed. c. Use their choloroplasts to make energy from sunlight. d. Grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Reproduces asexual daughter colonies but can also reproduce sexually through the joining of male and female gametes. Additional info: Colonies are made of 16-32 cells and the colony is surrounded by a mucilage envelope. Cells are spherical and they have eyespots so they can orient themselves towards sunlight. Eyespots are more developed in anterior cells. Live in fresh water.

 a. Oscillatoria are not motile but can be moved as a colony through water by currents. b. These cells form rod-like chains, in which bundle together to form colonies. The cells in these colonies use each other to meet their basic needs. c. Use their choloroplasts to make energy from sunlight. d. Grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta. e. Reproduces asexually through spores. Reproduces sexually through conjugation when two cells in close proximity form a sort of ladder with filaments arranging to join the two cells. Additional information: Oscillatoria is a phytoplankton and is found primarily in stagnant pools of water. 



a.Chlorella is very similar to other Chlorophyta's in that they have no mean of mobility besides the current of their habitat. b.They can either function alone as one single cell or form a colonial mass like the one pictured above. c.Chlorella is a photosynthetic algae that gets its energy from the sun. d. Grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta e. Can undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction. These gametes are are structurally identical, a condition known as isogamy. Additional info: Chlorella is a becoming food source for many. When dried,  It is very high in protein and carbohydrates and may be able to be used to fight against global hunger.
 * Part B**

a. Moves with the help of cytoplasm streaming from the middle to the front of the cell. Pseudopods also aid in movement. b. No interaction was observed between the amoeba - we were lucky to find one :) c. They eat by capturing their prey with pseudopods and then ingesting it as a food vacuole. They are able to detect whether they need to capture food quickly or if they can take their time. d. Amoebas are grouped in the phylum Rhizopoda. e. Reproduces asexually through binary fission.

Additional info: Some amoebas have only one nucleus, others have many. The cytoplasm within the amoeba can easily change from a solid, gel-like form to a liquid form.

WHO EATS WHOM Amoebas were observed to eat paramecium and euglena. The pseudopods formed slowly around the prey and pseudopod formation was triggered by the food colliding with the surface of the amoeba. The more the prey collided with the amoeba the more prominent the pseudopod became until it finally closed around the prey.  a. Chaos moves by the use of pseudopods, which are cytoplasmic projections from the body of the cell. Pseudopods move by the use of the cytoskeleton that quickly lay and remove the skeleton much like the building of a railroad track. b. No interaction observed because of the rarity of finding two chaos near each other on the slide. c. By projecting the pseudopods around the food, which engulf the food into the cytoplasm of the cell where it can then be digested and used for energy. d. Chaos is in the phylum sarcodina. e. Asexual reproduction only. Additional information: Chaos can have up to several hundred nuclei depending on it's size.

 a. Didinium are ciliates meaning that they have small protruding elements off of the cell membrane, in which aide in the movement of the cell. b. No interaction was observed. c. These creatures eat through the oral grove in the side of the cell membrane. Here, modified cilia transport the food into the oral grove and later into the cytoplasm of the cell where it is digested. d. Didinium is in the phylum Ciliphora e. The creatures were not reproducing but they can reproduce asexually by binary fission, and sexually by conjugation and genetic recombination. Additional Information: didinium and other ciliates have the unique characteristic of having two nuclei, one larger than the other. The macronucleus is used for processes of the cell while the the micronucleus is used solely in sexual reproduction. Note: photos excellent/ write up good. I would have liked to see more information on the things you did not observe. You could have research a little more. Check your spelling too. K Cassidy Grade 92/100