Group+5

=Group 5= AP Protist Lab

Part A: Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Chlamydomonas: a) This single celled chlorophyte moves by the use of the two flagella that it consists of. b) These organisms interact with each other by colonial manner. c) They get their energy source through photosynthesis, but can also grow in total darkness through an alternative carbon source. So they can either be photoautotrophic or heterotrophic. d) They are algae-like so they can be put into the chlorophyta phylum. e) It was not seen that it was reproducing, but it has the capability to reproduce sexually and asexually. Interesting Fact: They have an ion channel that is activated by light.

` Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Chlorella (Chlorophyta): a) These species are non motile. b) These cells can be found singly most of the time, but they can also be found in clusters with the same specie. c) These protists cells, like many of the others, are photoautotrophic. d) They are algae-like so they can be put into the chlorophyta phylum. e) It was not seen that they were reproducing when being observed through the microscope. Interesting Fact: There is some interest in using this algae as a food source.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Cladophora a) They are not motile on their own, depending on the environment they are in they may be moved. b) They are multicellular and function as individuals instead of as a colony. c) They are photoautotrophic meaning they are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source. d) Cladophora is in the chlorophyta phylum. e) When we observed it, it did not appear to be reproducing. Interesting Fact: Out of all Chlorophyta, the Cladophora genus has the most number of species.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Eudorina a) Eudorina moves through the use of the two flagella it consists of, in a twiddle motion. b) They are a colonial organism. c) They are photoautotrophic so they get their energy source from light. d) Eudorina is in the chlorophyta phylum. e) We could not see if they were reproducing, but eudorina has the capability of reproducing asexually. Interesting Fact: Each single Eudorina has two flagella; when the colony moves, all the individual Eduroina beat their flagella at the same time.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Gonium a) Gonium is a small, motile, colonial green alga consisting of biflagellate cells in a flat plate. They use their pair of flagella to swim with a rotating motion. b) Gonium cells form colonies that are identical and show no evidence of specialization. c) They derive their energy for food synthesis from light and are capable of using carbon dioxide as their principal source of carbon, meaning they are photoautotrophic. d) They are in the clorophyta phylum. e) They have the capabilitly of reproducing sexually or asexually. Interesting Fact: Colonies of Gonium have 4 to 16 individuals.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Oedogonium a) Oedogonium are filamentous algae that are freefloating, commonly found in quiet waters, and can also be found attached to plants sometimes b) The Oedogonium species can be found together, but they are not dependent on each other and are usually independent. c) They receive their energy source from light, so they are photoautotrophic. d) They are classified in the chlorophyta phylum. e) They have the ability to reproduce sexually by syngamy and asexually through zoospores. Interesting Fact: This algae lives in still fresh water and can be free-floating or can be attached to a plant.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Oscillatoria a) They are a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that rely on the colony in order to slide back and forth against each other. b) They live in a colony depending on each other to be able to move, especially in order to reach its light source. c) Since it is photosynthetic it gets its energy source from light, meaning it is photoautotrophic. d) Due to the characteristic of the Oscillatoria being a eukaryotic algae that posses chlorophyll, it can be placed into the chlorophyta phylum. e) The Oscillatoria reproduces through fragmentation, a form of asexual reproduction. Interesting Fact: The Oscillatoria is named for the movement that the protist produces as it reorientats intself toward a source of light.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Pandorina a) They are colonial flagellates that consist of two flagella with contractile vacuoles and they move in a twiddle motion. b) Pandorina live in colonies depending upon eachother. The colonies contain 16 to 32 individual cells. c) They make food from sunlight, which makes them photoautotrophic. d) Based on the characteristics of the Pandorina it can be placed into the chlorophyta phylum. e) They have the ablility to reproduce sexually and asexually. Interesting Fact: Pandorina's have a simple eye spot.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Spirogyra a) It is a filamentous green algae that is not motile independently but onle moves according to the currents of the water. b) They are a colonial and dependent on other cells of its specie. c) They make their food from sunlight, making them photoautotrophic. d) The spirogyra, due to their certain characteristics can be placed into the chlorophyta phylum. e) Spirogyra reproduces sexually by a process called conjugation where cells of two strands of spirogyra lying side by side are joined by the outgrowths. Then the contents of one cell pass into and fuse with the contents of the other cell. Interesting Fact: A chain of spyrogyra can be centimeters in length.

Part A: Photosynthetic Protists (Algae) Volvox a) This green algae consists of 2 flagella that it uses to move within its colony. b) The individual volvox cells are connected to each other by thin strand of cytoplasm that enable the whole colony to swim together. c) This organism is photoautotrophic, recieving its energy source from light. d) It is a green algae so it can be placed into the chlorophyta phylum. e) They are an asexual colony that have somatic cells that do not reproduce(vegetative cells), and cells near the posterior which produce new colonies through repeated division. Interesting Fact: The spheres that the colonies of volvox live on is composed of glycoprotiens.

Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa) Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa) Paramecium: a) The paramecium consist of cilia which are the motility organelles, homologous to the undulating tails of sperm cells and the epithelial cilia which line our respiratory tracts. To move forward the cilia beats at an angle backwards. It moves by spiraling through the water. For the paramecium to move backwards the cilia must beat forward at an angle. b) Paramecium is a unicellular organism and it is dependent of a colonial way of living. c) Paramecium have rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove that move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed by phagocytosis. They feed mainly on bacteria. d) Paramecium is a ciliated single celled organism, which classifies it into the Ciliophora phylum. e) They have a nucleus called a macronucleus, without it they cannot survive. They also consist of two small nuclei called micronuclei, without it they cannot reproduce sexually. They usually reproduce asexually by transverse binary fission, ocassionally sexually by conjugation, and rarely by endomixis, which is a process that involves total nuclear reorganization fo individual organisms.

Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa) Didinium a) They are very quick moving carnivorous protozoans. b) They are unicellular organisms that are not dependent of a colonial way of living. c) They are heterotrophic and only feed on one type of prey, Paramecium. It uses its "nose" to strike a paramecium, latches on to it with a threadlike trichocyst. Then once it captures and paralyzes the paramecium it eats it whole. d) They have the characterstics of other ciliates, such as having two nuclei and being a model organism, of the ciliophora phylum. e) The didinium can reproduce sexually and asexually.

Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa) Amoeba a) The amoeba moves through the use of pseudopodia, which are temporary footlike extension of eukaryotic cells. b) The amoeba after they split can go their seperate ways, they do not depend on each other for survival. c) Amoeba catch their prey by extending their pseudopod all around their body as a trap for the food. So the amoeba will form itself around its prey and will engulf it into a vacuole full of water. Then enzymes in this vacuole digest the prey into energy for the amoeba. d) They are a large protozoan that belong to the Sarcodina phylum. e) They reproduce by splitting into two daughter amoeba, each a copy of each other, and of the original amoeba. This process of division is called binary fission. They reproduce very quickly.

Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa) Chaos a) The chaos moves by a generated force in the uroid (tail) region, which then the gel-like ectoplasm pushes the fluid endoplasm towards the tip of the pseudopod. This forces the membrane to expand. b) c) The organisms in the sarcodina phylum, including the chaos, are heterotrophs. So they require organic compounds for their principal source of food. They get nutrients by ingesting other living organisms, such as the paramecium. d) They are a very large protozoan that belong to the sarcodina phylum. e) They reproduce by plasmotomy (a type of asexual reproduction in which a multinuleate protozoan cell divides into two or more multinucleate daughter-cells without the occurrence of mitosis), with the main cell body splitting up in to three or four smaller bodies.

Part B: Heterotrophic Protists (Protozoa)

Paramecium vs. Didinium The didinium preyed upon the paramecium. The didinium seemed to do almost a bombing routine on the paramecium until they no longer moved. Afterward they swooped in quickly almost as if they were taking chunks off of the paramecium and quickly went away often coming back again afterward for more.

Ameoba vs. Euglena The Ameoba, although somewhat more slower moving than the Euglena was able to capture Euglena using its seudopod. Sometimes the Euglena would also bump into the Ameoba until a pocket appeared that it went into. The pocket then closed in on the Euglena.

Paramecium vs. Euglena The Paramecium ingested the Euglena by means of the oral grove. Note: This is an excellent work. You took excellent photos. Your analysis and research is also excellent Grade 100/100